The skin is colonized by a diverse array of microorganisms
including bacteria and fungi. The skin microbiome is defined as the collection
of all microbes that colonize the skin. Environments at various topographical
areas of skin can affect the microbial colonization. The major bacterial-fungal
populations colonizing human scalps have been characterized.
Furthermore, the dysbiosis of bacterial-fungal populations
has been implicated in scalp dandruff, which presents as significant problems
to large numbers of people. Dandruff scalps are associated with a higher
abundance of Malassezia restricta and Staphylococcal species. The severity of dandruff can range from
mild scale formation
similar to dry skin to seborrheic dermatitis.
The impairment of proper hydration in skin barrier can result
in the typical epidermal proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation and
stratum corneum maturation, which may cause dandruff. Excessive secretion of
the sebaceous gland also can underlie dandruff development. Besides dysfunction
of the skin barrier and sebaceous gland, fungal/bacterial dysbiosis may be one
of the factors that result in the progression of human dandruff.
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